How to Balance a Centrifuge

Reviewed by Anne Schmidt

Last Updated: September 25, 2024 References

A centrifuge is a piece of laboratory equipment commonly used in chemistry and molecular biology. The centrifuge is roughly circular in shape, with circular holes for sample tubes arranged around the perimeter. Balance the centrifuge by positioning sample-filled microtubes and balance tubes opposite one another in the centrifuge rotor. When the centrifuge is balanced properly, the center of gravity for the centrifuge and the test tubes it contains will be located at the center of the centrifuge.

Part 1

Part 1 of 3:

Preparing the Centrifuge and Filling Microtubes

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1
Make sure the centrifuge is on a level, stable surface. Most centrifuges are about the size of a toaster oven and sit on a counter, tabletop, or other laboratory surface. Before you worry about adding your samples into the centrifuge, confirm that the surface the centrifuge sits on is completely level. A slanted surface will skew results or send the equipment falling to the floor.^{[1]
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- If you have a carpenter’s level handy, you can confirm that the surface is completely level. Set the level on the tabletop or counter, and make sure that the horizontal bubble is completely centered in its glass tube.
- If you’re using a very large centrifuge that rests directly on the floor of your lab, you can skip this step.
2
Select the correct size of tubes for your centrifuge. Different size centrifuges will take different sizes of tubes. In general, larger centrifuges take larger microtubes. Putting the wrong size tube in a centrifuge could result in a messy spill, or could damage the centrifuge or the tube with your sample.^{[2]
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- If you’re confused about which size tube to use with which size centrifuge, consult a more experienced laboratory technician. Or, consult the manual for the centrifuge you’re using.
- Most tabletop mini centrifuges take a 1.5 mL microtube or a 0.5 mL tube.
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3
Fill all of your microtubes evenly. Use a pipette to pour the exact same amount of liquid into each of the microtubes that you’ll be inserting into the centrifuge.^{[3]
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- For example, if you fill the first microtube with 10 mL of solution, make sure that all of the other microtubes you plan to use for the experiment are filled with 10 mL of solution. A microtube filled with 9 or 11 mL could unbalance the centrifuge.
4
Fill all of your balance tubes to the same level. As their name suggests, balance tubes are inserted into the centrifuge to provide enough weight to balance out the other microtubes. Use a laboratory dropper to fill the balance tubes with liquid, so that all microtubes weigh the same amount.^{[4]
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- Or, if your microtubes have marks on the side indicating the amount of liquid in the tube, make sure that all tubes are filled to the same level.^{[5]
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- Balance tubes are commonly filled with water. However, if the solution you’re using in the experiment has a density much higher or lower than that of water, use a liquid with a similar density in the balance tubes.

Part 2

Part 2 of 3:

Inserting Tubes in the Centrifuge

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1
Insert a balance tube opposite each microtube in the centrifuge. The central rotor of your centrifuge will have an even number of holes spaced around its perimeter. Choose a hole and firmly insert a filled microtube. Then, insert a balance tube into the hole exactly opposite the hole containing your solution-filled microtube. Adding microtubes 2 at a time will ensure that you’re adding an even amount of weight to either side of the centrifuge.^{[6]
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- By adding 1 equally weighted tube on either side of the centrifuge, you’ll keep the center of gravity exactly in the middle of the centrifuge rotor.
2
Rotate the centrifuge rotor 90° and add 2 more microtubes. Insert these new microtubes halfway in between the 2 microtubes you’ve already added. So, if you added the first 2 microtubes at 12 o’clock and 6 o’clock, add 2 new microtubes at 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock.^{[7]
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- Create a system so that you know which tubes are microtubes and which are balance tubes (if the liquids are the same color). You could put a small sticker on top of the sample-filled microtubes, or use a blue marker to color a small dot on top of the balance tubes.
3
Continue adding equidistant microtubes and balance tubes opposite one another. You can add as many microtubes as the centrifuge has holes using this system. ^{[8]
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- Continuing the example, after you’ve added microtubes at 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock, you could add 2 more at 2 o’clock and 8 o’clock and another pair at 11 o’clock and 5 o’clock.
- If you have an odd number of microtubes, you’ll need to balance the centrifuge using an alternate configuration.

Part 3

Part 3 of 3:

Balancing the Centrifuge with Other Configurations

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1
Balance 3 microtubes by placing tubes at even intervals. If you have 3 microtubes, you could create 3 balance tubes and situate the 3 pairs across from one another. Alternately, balance the centrifuge without using balance tubes by positioning the 3 microtubes at 2 o’clock, 6 o’clock, and 10 o’clock.^{[9]
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- The clock positions work well when balancing a 12-hole centrifuge. Other common sizes include centrifuges with 24 and 30 holes.
2
Position 5 microtubes with 1 balance tube. To balance the centrifuge using 5 microtubes, first fill 1 balance tube with water. Then position 3 tubes at 11, 12, and 1 o’clock. Position the other 3 tubes at 5, 6, and 7 o’clock. The balance tube can be located in any of these positions.^{[10]
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- Balance the centrifuge with 6 microtubes using the same configuration, but swap out the balance tube for a sample-filled microtube.
3
Situate 7 microtubes and 1 balance tube in the centrifuge. Place 2 sets of 4 microtubes in a way that the sets will counterbalance one another and center the weight in the centrifuge. Place 4 microtubes (including the balance tube) at 11, 12, 1, and 2 o’clock. Then place 4 more microtubes at 5, 6, 7, and 8 o’clock.^{[11]
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- You can balance a centrifuge using 8 microtubes in the same configuration. Just replace one of the microtubes with a sample-filled tube.

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What happens if the centrifuge is not balanced?

Dr. Vivek Prakash
Biomedical Engineer
Dr. Vivek Prakash is a Biomedical Engineer based in Oxford, Ohio. He works as a Research Associate at Miami University, working on cell-based hormone replacement therapy. He received his PhD from the Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering at the Indian Institute of Technology.

Dr. Vivek Prakash

Biomedical Engineer

Expert Answer

Balancing a centrifuge is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, an imbalance in a centrifuge can cause excessive vibration and mechanical stress on its components. This not only compromises the accuracy of the centrifugation process but also poses a risk of damaging the equipment. Secondly, an unbalanced centrifuge can lead to an uneven distribution of samples in the rotor, affecting the separation efficiency and potentially causing sample loss or contamination. Therefore, balancing the centrifuge ensures optimal performance, accurate results, and extends the lifespan of the equipment by preventing unnecessary wear and tear.

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The centrifuge shakes the balanced test tubes at very high speed (up to 13,000 rpm). If the centrifuge is incorrectly balanced, it may damage the equipment or ruin the results of the experiment you’re running.^{[12]
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When adding microtubes and balance tubes to the centrifuge, it may help you to imagine a straight line passing between each new pair of tubes you insert. If the imagined line doesn’t pass directly through the center of the centrifuge, the rotor will not be evenly balanced.

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